ABSTRACT
Chordoma are slow growing, locally destructive tumors derived from remnants of notochord. They occur mostly along axial skeleton that is basiocciput and sacrococcygeal area. are biphasic malignant neoplasm possessing elements of both chordoma and cartilaginous tissue, an entity which has better prognosis than classical Chordoma. The tumor is likely to recur and hence diagnostically important for appropriate management. Histopathologically, tumor showed chords or nests of cells with partly vacuolated cytoplasm (physaliferous cells) embedded in a myxoid matrix and extensive cartilage formation with degenerative calcification was seen. Immunohistochemically, tumor was positive for Cytokeratin and EMA and negative for S-100 except for Cartilaginous areas which were S-100 positive. We report a case of Chondroid chordoma in a 50 year male presented with intermittent radiating pain in both leg and backache for 1 year. MRI lumbosacral showing the tumor in posterior elements if L S vertebra. Chondroid chordoma is a distinct entity to be 5 2 discriminated from typical type of Chordoma because of its better prognosis. MRI cannot differentiate between Chondroid chordoma and typical chordoma. Awareness of this rare tumor will avoid misdiagnosis and improve the prognosis. Awide surgical excision coupled with adjuvant radiation is the best treatment in the present case.
ABSTRACT
Obesity is an important clinical and public health challenge, epitomized by excess adipose tissue accumulation resulting from an imbalance in energy intake and energy expenditure. It is a forerunner for a variety of other diseases such as type-2-diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular diseases, some types of cancer, stroke, hyperlipidaemia and can be fatal leading to premature death. Obesity is highly heritable and arises from the interplay of multiple genes and environmental factors. Recent advancements in Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have shown important steps towards identifying genetic risks and identification of genetic markers for lifestyle diseases, especially for a metabolic disorder like obesity. According to the 12th update of Human Obesity Gene Map there are 253 quantity trait loci (QTL) for obesity related phenotypes from 61 genome wide scan studies. Contribution of genetic propensity of individual ethnic and racial variations in obesity is an active area of research. Further, understanding its complexity as to how these variations could influence ones susceptibility to become or remain obese will lead us to a greater understanding of how obesity occurs and hopefully, how to prevent and treat this condition. In this review, various strategies adapted for such an analysis based on the recent advances in genome wide and functional variations in human obesity are discussed.